Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision-making. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty

Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science

In philosophy of science and in epistemology, instrumentalism is a methodological view that ideas are useful instruments, and that the worth of an idea is based on how effective it is in explaining and predicting natural phenomena. According to instrumentalists, a successful scientific theory reveals nothing known either true or false about nature's unobservable objects, properties or processes.[1] Scientific theory is merely a tool whereby humans predict observations in a particular domain of nature by formulating laws, which state or summarize regularities, while theories themselves do not reveal supposedly hidden aspects of nature that somehow explain these laws.[2] Instrumentalism is a perspective originally introduced by Pierre Duhem in 1906.[2] Rejecting scientific realism's ambitions to uncover metaphysical truth about nature,[2] instrumentalism is usually categorized as an antirealism, although its mere lack of commitment to scientific theory's realism can be termed nonrealism. Instrumentalism merely bypasses debate concerning whether, for example, a particle spoken about in particle physics is a discrete entity enjoying individual existence, or is an excitation mode of a region of a field, or is something else altogether.[3][4][5] Instrumentalism holds that theoretical terms need only be useful to predict the phenomena, the observed outcomes.[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalism

Uncertainty Project on Causal Decision Diagrams (CDD). (more)

Cedric Chin: Good Synthesis is the Start of Good Sensemaking. Let us pretend that you are a laminate manufacturer. (more)

diet and exercise program company (more)

The New 95 Theses of Schooling (more)

Attention Deficit Disorder, aka ADHD (more)

Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics,[1][2][3] and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly given causal interpretations.[4] The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed in the statistical modeling[4][5] (e.g., through cluster analysis). (more)

George Packer: When the Culture War Comes for the Kids. (Educating Kids in NYC) Our son underwent his first school interview soon after turning 2. (more)

White Supremacy Culture is a 1999 essay by Tema Okun, an anti-racist educator, consultant, and social justice activist. In the essay, Okun proposes that certain values and behaviors—such as perfectionism, objectivity, and "worship of the written word"—are instantiations of white supremacy that may manifest in organizations and institutions, often unconsciously. The essay and its notion of "white supremacy culture" have become influential in the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) field, and have been used for diversity training by educational institutions, governments, progressive nonprofits, and other organizations. "White Supremacy Culture" has also attracted criticism regarding its validity, lack of supporting evidence, and potential to cause organizational dysfunction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Supremacy_Culture (more)

White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.[1] The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any power and privilege held by white people. White supremacy has roots in the now-discredited doctrine of scientific racism and was a key justification for European colonialism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy racist (more)

Richard A. Carranza (born 1966) is an American educator who was the Chancellor of the New York City Department of Education from 2018 to 2021.[1][2] He was appointed by Mayor de Blasio after Alberto M. Carvalho publicly turned down the job in March 2018.[3] He previously was the superintendent of the Houston Independent and the San Francisco Unified School Districts.[4] He is Chief of Strategy and Global Development at IXL. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Carranza (more)

zero-sum game

positive-sum game, cooperative game

Pax Americana[1][2][3] (Latin for "American Peace", modeled after Pax Romana, Pax Britannica, and Pax Mongolica) is a term applied to the concept of relative peace in the Western Hemisphere and later the world beginning around the middle of the 20th century, thought to be caused by the preponderance of power enjoyed by the United States.[4] Although the term finds its primary utility in the latter half of the 20th century, it has been used with different meanings and eras, such as the post-Civil War era in North America,[5] and regionally in the Americas at the start of the 20th century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Americana (more)

Kyla Scanlon: FAFOnomics: How Chaos Became America's Economic Strategy. The recent tariff drama- 25% proposed (then unproposed, then maybe-proposed-again) on Canada and Mexico, 10% on China - isn't just trade policy. Add in a sovereign wealth fund, a litany of executive orders, and Elon Musk's DOGE, and you've got something more deliberate: chaos as strategy. (more)

In game theory, the stag hunt, sometimes referred to as the assurance game, trust dilemma or common interest game, describes a conflict between safety and social cooperation. The stag hunt problem originated with philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Discourse on Inequality... The stag hunt differs from the prisoner's dilemma in that there are two pure-strategy Nash equilibria:[2] one where both players cooperate, and one where both players defect.[a] In the prisoner's dilemma, despite the fact that both players cooperating is Pareto efficient, the only pure Nash equilibrium is when both players choose to defect. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_hunt

see Market Segment

person who does Product Management (more)